How can we be sure? Sometimes it is quite obvious that the error is in initrd, as GRUB tells you that it failed to load the file /boot/initrd, in other cases some forensic work is needed as only a vague driver error message is generated. If a kernel panic occurs immediately after a driver installation, this is often caused by an error in the initrd. In the case of a kernel panic, you can be sure about one thing: GRUB has loaded successfully and you are not yet at phase 4 of the boot procedure where the init process takes over. In some cases it is possible to tell exactly what happens, more often you will see that you can only give a rough indication of what is happening. When a problem occurs, try to pin-point it to any of these seven phases. ![]()
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